Next on Life Beyond: Making contact with intelligent life. Surviving the end of the universe. The physics of alien life & more.

Supported by: Protocol Labs

Concept, music & visuals by: Melodysheep (John D. Boswell)

Featuring the voices of: Douglas Rain, David Christian, Michelle Thaller, Orson Welles, Andrew Siemion, Dan Werthimer, Avi Loeb, Ellen Stofan, and Lawrence Krauss.

Additional visuals by: Julius Horsthuis, Konstantin Kovalenko, NASA, Evolve

Thanks to: Juan Benet, Julius Horsthuis, Konstantin Kovalenko, Avi Loeb, and to Melodysheep’s Patreon Supporters

Website: melodysheep.com

Instagram: @melodysheep_

Twitter: @musicalscience

Voice Sources: "National Film Board: Universe", "David Christian TED Talk", "Dan Werthimer TEDx Talk", "Andrew Siemion: Beyond the Singularity", "Orson Welles: Who’s Out There", "Avi Loeb: The Case for Cosmic Modesty", "Michelle Thaller in how the Universe Works", ["Lawrence Krauss: Life, the Universe, and Nothing: A Cosmic Mystery Story"](https://www.youtube.com/watch

Learn more with another one of Melodysheep’s videos - Timelapse of the Future

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD4izuDMUQA

“A supernova will occur about once every 50 years in a galaxy the size of the Milky Way.”

Two types - Type I and Type II. Type I occurs when the star gains mass from nearby objects. Type II occurs when the star collapses under it’s own mass.

Create 100 million years after the Big Bang. Referred to as population III stars.

380,000 years after the Big Bang, the temperature would have been about 3000 °K (4940.3 °F, 2726.8 °C)

Learn more with another one of Melodysheep’s videos - Timelapse of the Entire Universe

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBikbn5XJhg

Still researching more about this graph.

Newer studies have found that UV radiation from the sun hitting the surface and the presence of perchlorates create an environment that may not be as suitable for life.

100,000,000,000,000

Launches in 2026, lands in 2034.

Will have 8 rotors and will fly over the surface for over 108 miles (175 km).

Moon of Saturn.

Has rivers, lakes, and seas of liquid methane and ethane. Could have water under the surface.

Moon of Saturn.

Vents in the ocean below the icy surface releases hydrogen gas.

Signs of the ingredients for life were confirmed in 2017 by the Cassini team.

Referred to as Gravitational Energy.

Atmosphere: Carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid (Creates a greenhouse effect.)

Surface temperature: 471°C (880°F)

The Earth has roughly (and we’re speaking very roughly here) 7.5 x 10¹⁸ grains of sand, or seven quintillion, five hundred quadrillion grains.

Earth is about 4.6 billion years old.

Which could mean that at least 0.0000000000000032% exoplanets have been observed in the universe.

Based on earlier numbers presented here by NASA, that could mean that at least 0.000064% exoplanets have been observed in our galaxy.

Distance: 111 Light Years.

Size: 2.7x Earth.

Temperature: -100 -116ºF.

Notes: Confirmed atmospheric water vapor

Distance: 12 Light Years.

Size: 1.07x Earth.

Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.

Age: 2.5 billion years.

Notes: Possible Water World

Distance: 41 Light Years.

Size: 0.77x Earth.

Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.

Age: ~7.5 billion years.

Notes: Possible Water World

Distance: 1200 Light Years.

Size: 1.4x Earth.

Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.

Age: ~7 billion years.

Possible Water World

“Where there is water, there is life” - A hypothesis yet to be confirmed.

Definition: “Any planet beyond our solar system”

In the last 20 years, 3200 exoplanets have been confirmed.

“Researchers from the University of Sherbrooke in Quebec, Canada […] showed that some organic molecules that form the building blocks of life could develop in icy films subjected to radiation within a vacuum, opening the possibility that life on this planet might actually be extraterrestrial in origin.”

A type of nucleic acid that encodes genetic information.

The splitting of a cell in two, replicating it’s DNA.

Referred to as “Plate Tectonics.”

Crust is the top layer of the Earth.

Ranges from about 5 km thick in the ocean, about 30-35 km on the continents, and about 100 km thick in some mountain ranges.

Cracks release heat and are one source of volcanoes.

Earth

4 Billion Years Ago

These “goldilocks conditions” are also referred to as “Goldilocks Zones,” one way scientists are narrowing the search for life.

Chains of molecules can either come in the form of hydrocarbons or polymers. Both of these contain of carbon atoms and both form some of the building blocks of life.

Hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms. The bonds between the atoms store energy that can be released.

Polymers come in the form of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. These have various roles such as being the backbone of DNA/RNA, fuel storage, provide structure to cells, and many more.

Water is a molecule made up of two Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom. As noted already, Oxygen is considered one of those heavy elements.

The definition of “heavy elements” is not well defined, but seems to be defined by elements larger than Boron.

Elements are created in stars as they age. Once the star dies, these heavier elements become the material that planets are made of.

The distance between a star an the planet for life to be sustained depends on the temperature of the star.

Life can be sustained in temperatures ranging from -15°C to 122°C (5°F to 252°F)

Defined as “the ability to move matter or change matter”

This can come in many forms, including sunlight, geothermal heat, molecules, etc.

One of the defining characteristics of life is that the organism is made up of cells.

These cells are made up of molecules. These molecules make up things like DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and more.

Chapter 1: The Dawn

Alien life, deep time, and our place in cosmic history

LIFE BEYOND

Narration from National Film Board: Universe

Directed by Roman Kroitor, Colin Low - 1960

Video: https://youtu.be/48gIN4hGOdI?t=1530

This is an enhanced version designed for educational purposes.

Enhanced Version created by Alex Shafer (enzanki_ars)

Melodysheep’s production was supported by Protocol Labs

Original video available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUelbSa-OkA

Soundtrack available at https://melodysheep.bandcamp.com/album/life-beyond-chapter-1-original-soundtrack

Support Melodysheep on Patreon at http://patreon.com/melodysheep